My principal anguish and the source of all my joys and sorrows from my youth onward has been the incessant, merciless battle between the spirit and the flesh… and my soul is the arena where these two armies have clashed and met.
Nikos Kazantzakis, from the book The Last Temptation of Christ
Conflict is part of human nature. It’s not pretty, but it’s true. Humans are finite beings, with free will and independent thought processes; out of primal survival instinct, we seek our own best interests first. We have different needs, feelings, and goals compared to the people that surround us, and when ours clash with those of others, conflict arises, sometimes to the point of violence. In 1673, Samuel von Pufendorf, a German jurist, political philosopher, economist, and historian whose concepts formed part of the cultural background of the American Revolution, said, “More inhumanity (to man) has been done by man himself than by any other of nature’s causes.” The same — or similar — thoughts have been echoed by countless great thinkers, whether they refer to men or women, the ancient world or the present, religion or the state, specific ethnic groups or parts of the world, the roots of dystopian literature, or any number of crises ranging from health care to trusts and labor unions.
The classic poem, “Man was made to mourn: A Dirge,” perhaps puts it best of all:
Many and sharp the num’rous ills
Inwoven with our frame!
More pointed still we make ourselves
Regret, remorse, and shame!
And man, whose heav’n-erected face
The smiles of love adorn, –
Man’s inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn!
Robert Burns, 1784
But conflict doesn’t just occur with what’s around us and outside of us. As the Kazantzakis quote above attests, especially if one subscribes to moral dualism, there’s also conflict within us. Everything in nature has its opposite — birth and death, love and hate, sowing and reaping, killing and healing, laughter and tears, creation and destruction, pulling away and drawing closer, winning and losing. This is true for human beings as well; much as we hate to admit it, we each have a dark side that balances our light. Joseph Conrad defined it in his novella, Heart of Darkness, as an “inner evil” that can manifest itself when a human struggles with their morals, doing battle with their hidden darkness.
So how do we respond to, as Burns put it, “man’s inhumanity to man”? How do we deal with our inner conflict? I do what many do when confronted with something they don’t comprehend: attempt to analyze and understand it. Everybody has a different toolkit for that; mine just so happens to be theater. Luckily, I’m not the only person who uses this approach, so I’ve got plenty of perspectives to draw from. Indeed, countless writers have tackled the subject of conflict from as many angles as possible. In so doing, they’ve discovered that clichés are clichés for a reason.
Many great experts, often writing for the edification of other great experts (as Anna Russell would put it), have broken down conflict as exemplified in literature into seven distinct types. Each type is not mutually exclusive; stories often have overlapping struggles, containing multiple characters and storylines. However, each occurs often enough to form a common “type.” Most are pretty self-explanatory, but just in case, the types themselves follow, in order from (my definition of) most specific to most abstract. (Also, in the following list, assume that when I say “a person,” it can happen to a group of people as well. It often does.)
- Person vs. person — One person struggles for victory over another, about as classic as the conflict in a story can get. (Its instances throughout the literature are so numerous that mythologist Joseph Campbell wrote The Hero with a Thousand Faces, a book outlining the archetype of a hero going on a journey and overcoming an enemy.)
- Person vs. technology/machinery — Especially popular over the past century, thanks in no small part to increasing mechanization and improving artificial intelligence, a person fights to overcome unemotional and unsympathetic machinery that believes it no longer requires humanity.
- Person vs. nature — A person battles for survival against the inexorable, apathetic force of nature.
- Person vs. self — A person finds themselves battling between two competing desires or selves, typically one good and one evil.
- Person vs. society — A person fights (sometimes successfully, sometimes less so) against injustices within their society. Without this, the dystopian genre wouldn’t exist.
- Person vs. fate/god(s) — A person is trapped by an inevitable destiny.
- Person vs. the unknown/extraterrestrial — A common thread in sci-fi and supernatural horror, where a person battles against an entity that isn’t entirely known or comprehensible, whether extraterrestrial (in the alien sense) or metaphysical.
If it’s present in literature, it’s also present in drama, and needless to say, the three shows about which I share what’d happen “if I did it” have conflict, both inner and outer, in spades, and they all explore the darker side of humanity, darkness breaching light (or vice versa, take your pick), and — thankfully for the audience’s delicate sensibilities — navigating the twilight of the soul without being so definite as to say there’s no hope of salvation (of whatever kind).
Candide takes in optimism vs. reality, religious hypocrisy, the corrupting power of money, and the uselessness of philosophical speculation; Sweeney Todd covers almost every conflict there is (person vs. person, person vs. society, person vs. self… and that’s just the title character’s arc); and my erstwhile favorite, Tanz der Vampire, is a witty, edgy show that pokes fun at the vampire mythos but also uses it to make important points about, among other things, the excesses of appetite. Though each has a different moral, on a philosophical level all of them explore gloaming, questionable diversions from the light into the shadows, the start of the journey downwards. (Indeed, if one was feeling pretentious, they might say these shows are chiaroscuro, an exploration of light and dark, or — more cheekily — fifty shades of…)
Walking the terminator, so to speak, is no easier behind the footlights than in front of them, but it is a way to safely explore one’s inmost parts. After all, as I’ve stated previously, theater is the act of people gathering together in the dark for a couple of hours to suspend disbelief and assume another guise, to teach us something about ourselves. If we’re not ready to learn, as the Sherman Brothers once put it, a spoonful of sugar (or show biz, in this case) helps the medicine go down most delightfully.
- Click here to check out my Candide proposal. (Note: This was previously posted at gdelgidirector on May 25, 2018. It has been modified for its present audience, incorporating material from a post at gdelgiproducer on July 23, 2014.)
- Click here if you’re interested in my ideas for my Sweeney Todd proposal. Before you do, though, bear this in mind: one must do bad work before one can do good work. Not just one piece of bad work, but tons of it – sometimes hundreds of hours of rough material can be found behind every successful play, movie, TV show, album, book, whatever. Everyone, no matter how good they are now, had to start somewhere then. This is where I started. As I’ve said elsewhere, the idea of Sweeney staged as a flashback playing on a never-ending loop in Toby’s traumatized mind, whilst confined to an asylum following the show’s events, is brilliant. It’s become less so with time, as everyone and their brother has since beat that dead horse six feet underground; unfortunately, like the Shake and Bake commercial, I helped. So, though the idea’s no longer particularly original, attempt to restrain eye-rolls and guffaws, and to suffer gladly the thoughts of a young man who had more aspirations than credentials. In retrospect, the other big idea is interesting enough on its own without the asylum conceit; today, I’d concentrate on that instead, to the exclusion of the madhouse. (Note: This was previously posted at gdelgidirector on August 27, 2016. It has been modified for its present audience.)
- And click here to access my proposal for Tanz der Vampire. It’s my sincere hope that this (and its introduction in particular) makes up, in a small way, for my teasing about how working on the show was a low point in my career. (Note: This was previously posted at gdelgidirector on July 26, 2016. It has been modified for its present audience.)
Well… this wraps up my series of artistic directing proposals. I hope you’ve gained something from these examples. If nothing else, I hope this helped you understand how to flesh out your ideas on paper, the better to explain them in person. (Coming up next: a master class in practical advice for actors.) As always, thanks in advance for reading, and I welcome comments on the proposals!